Estimating the global volume of illicit financial flows stemming from tax evasion, laundering criminal proceeds, terrorist financing, financial fraud and corruption is an inexact science. The UN once estimated that 2%-5% of global GDP, or $800 billion - $2 trillion is laundered annually; in 2018, the IMF offered a range of $1.6-$4 trillion; in January 2024, Nasdaq gave an estimate of $3.1 trillion.